Make the lemon syrup: simmer the water and sugar until the sugar dissolves, then remove from the heat and stir in the lemon juice, lemon zest and vanilla extract. Let cool completely.
Whisk the egg yolks and sugar over a double boiler for 8–10 minutes, until the mixture reaches 160°F (71°C) and turns pale, thick and fluffy. Remove from the heat and let cool to room temperature.
Beat the cold mascarpone until smooth, then mix in the cooled egg yolk base, lemon zest, lemon juice, vanilla extract and salt. Gently fold in the heavy cream, whipped to medium peaks.
Dip each ladyfinger in the cooled lemon syrup for 1–2 seconds and arrange them in a single layer in an 8×8-inch dish. Spread over half of the mascarpone cream, add a second layer of dipped ladyfingers, and smooth the remaining cream over the top.
Cover and refrigerate for at least 8 hours, preferably overnight.
Garnish with extra lemon zest, thin lemon slices, fresh mint leaves and a dusting of powdered sugar. Serve chilled.